1. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(Câu điều kiện)
I. Form

Type
If - clause
Main clause

Type 1
S + V (do/does)
S + V (will do)

Type 2
S + V (did)
S + would + V(do)

Type 3
S + V (had done)
S + would + V(have done)


Eg. 1) - If it doesn`t rain, we will go to the beach.
- You will pass the exam if you study hard.

2) - If I had one million dollars now, I would buy that buiding.
- If I were you, I wouldn`t go out with him.

3) - If I had known her phone number, I would have phoned her.
- Jane wouldn`t have got wet if she had brought her umbrella.

II. Notes
1. Trong câu đk 2, to be được chia thành were cho mọi ngôi.
If I were a millionaire, I would help poor people.
If today were Sunday, I would stay at home and sleep.

2. Unless (trừ phi, nếu không) = If…..not….
If we don`t hurry, we will be late.
= Unless we hurry, we will be late.
If you don`t work hard, you won`t pass the exam.
= Unless you work hard, you won`t pass the exam.

3. Would có thể thay thế bằng could/ should/ might trong mệnh đề chính.
If I stopped smoking, I would/ could / might run faster.
If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn`t/ couldn`t have had accident.

4. Mệnh đề chính có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời.
If you see Peter, please tell him to call me.
If you have free time, have a cup of coffee with me.

5. Câu đk 0 (zero conditional) dùng để diễn tả một sự thậy hiển nhiên. Cả 2 mệnh đề chia ở thì Hiện tại đơn.
If we heat water to 100°C, it boils.
Oil floats if we pour it on water.

6. Các cách khác diễn tả ý điều kiện:


* Otherwise = Or else (nếu ko thì)
If I don`t have breakfast, I will be very hungry.
= I always have breakfast. Otherwise I will be very hungry.
= I always have breakfast, or else I will be very hungry.

* But for…= If it hadn`t been for……(Nếu ko vì….)
If he hadn`t helped me, I wouln`t have finished my work.
= If it hadn`t been for his help, I wouln`t have finished my work.
= But for his help, I wouln`t have finished my work.

7. Hiện tượng đảo ngữ khi lược bỏ if

Type 1: If + S + V (do/ does)…….. => Should + S + V(do)………….
Type 2: If + S + V (did)……………=> Were + S + O/ to V(do)……..
Type 3: If + S + V (had done)…….. => Had + S + V (done)…………
Eg.
1) If you see him, please give him this letter.
= Should you see him, please……………
If have time, I will visit you.
= Should I have time,………..

2) If I were you, I wouldn`t act like that.
= Were I you, I………………………..
If I had a lot of money now, I would buy a new house.
= Were I to have a lot of money…………………………

3) If he had come earlier, he would have met Mary.
= Had he come earlier,…………………………….
I would have visited you if I had known you were in hospital.
= Had I known you were in hospital, I…………………………


2. WISH SENTENCES
(Câu cầu ước)
* Form :
Type 1
I wish I would + V (do)

Type 2
I wish I + V (were/ did)

Type 3
I wish I + V (had done)


Eg. - I wish I would become a teacher.
- I wish John